♀️ Feminist Friday ♀️
Anna Nzinga
In 1624, Ana Nzinga inherited rule of Ndongo, a state to the east of Luanda populated primarily by Mbundu peoples. At that moment, the kingdom was under attack from both Portuguese as well as neighboring African aggressors. Nzinga realized that, to remain viable, Ndongo had to reposition itself as an intermediary rather than a supply zone in the slave trade. To achieve this, she allied Ndongo with Portugal, simultaneously acquiring a partner in its fight against its African enemies and ending Portuguese slave raiding in the kingdom. Ana Nzinga’s baptism, with the Portuguese colonial governor serving as godfather, sealed this relationship. By 1626, however, Portugal had betrayed Ndongo, and Nzinga was forc ed to flee with her people further west, where they founded a new state at Matamba, well beyond the reach of the Portuguese. To bolster Matamba’s martial power, Nzinga offered sanctuary to runaway slaves and Portuguese-trained African soldiers and adopted a form of military organization known as kilombo, in which youths renounced family ties and were raised communally in militias. She also fomented rebellion within Ndongo itself, which was now governed indirectly by the Portuguese through a puppet ruler. Nzinga found an ally in the Netherlands, which seized Luanda for its own mercantile purposes in 1641. Their combined forces were insufficient to drive the Portuguese out of Angola, however, and after Luanda was reclaimed by the Portuguese, Nzinga was again for ced to retreat to Matamba. From this point on, Nzinga focused on developing Matamba as a trading power by capitalizing on its position as the gateway to the Central African interior. By the time of her death in 1663, Matamba was a formidable commercial state that dealt with the Portuguese colony on an equal footing. Nzinga, who reconverted to Christianity before her death at the age of eighty-one, became a sensation in Europe following the 1769 publication of Jean Louis Castilhon’s colorful “biography,” Zingha, Reine d’Angola, in Paris.
Your slave task for Friday October 28th 2022
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Your slave task for Friday September 2nd 2022
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♀️ Feminist Friday ♀️
Olympias
They say that behind every great man is a great woman. That’s definitely true of Macedonian king Alexander the Great — who conquered most of the known world in the fourth century B.C. — and his mother, Queen Olympias. Her leadership shaped her son’s ability to unite the ancient world into one of the greatest empires in history.
Olympias, born sometime around 375 B.C., was the daughter of King Neoptolemus of Epirus, a kingdom southwest of Macedonia.
She met her husband, King Philip II (Alexander the Great’s father), on the Aegean island of Samonthrace. Ancient Greek historian Plutarch said that when Philip II gazed upon her, he fell passionately in love with her red hair and matching fiery temper.
At the same time, a marriage between the two as arranged by her uncle King Arybbas helped strengthen Philip II’s alliance with Epirus. Whatever the motivations, they were married in 357 B.C. when she was 18 and he was 28.
WLegend has it that both Olympias and Philip II had visions on their wedding night that they would conceive a powerful world leader. Less than a year later, Alexander the Great was born.
Legend also holds that on the day of Alexander’s birth, his mother vowed to make him king of, well, everything. She would do anything to make this happen and thus began Alexander’s rise to power.
First and foremost, Olympias didn’t want anyone else to ruin Alexander’s chances of ascending to the throne. One possible competitor was his half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus, who Olympias poisoned and left severely damaged.
Olympias raised the you ng Alexander to be proud of his heritage. Her family claimed to be descendants of Achilles, the Greek demigod and hero of the Trojan War. Alexander thus traveled to Troy to pay respects to his ancestor, and he supposedly carried a copy of The Iliad with him at all times.
By 337 B.C., Philip II grew tired of Olympias and was under pressure to marry a full-bloo d royal since there were rumors that Philip II was only half Macedonian. The politically savvy king decided to divorce her after 20 years of marriage and arranged a wedding with Cleopatra-Eurydice, a noblewoman in Macedonia’s court.
This sparked the wrath of Olympias and she had Cleopatra and her infant daughter killed. Legend has it that Olympias had an executioner come to Cleopatra with three “gifts” — a rope, a dagger, and poison — and allowed her to choose her fate.
As for Philip II, he was assassinated by one of his own bodyguards at a wedding banquet in 336 B.C. The details remain unclear but some historians of the era claim that Olympias may have been behind it.
Alexander then ascended to the Macedonian throne whereupon his mother told him that Zeus was his true father. This only increased his fervor to lead and conquer like no ruler before him.
For the next 14 years, the Macedonian Empire grew until it stretched 3,000 miles from Spain to India. Alexander the Great used political marriages, treaties, and force to unite the Western world in a vast empire until his death from uncertain causes in 323 B.C.
Upon Alexander the Great’s demise, Olympias sought to have her grandson, Alexander IV, become king. However, a regent named Cassander ruled in her grandson’s place after a series of succession wars. The idea was that Cassander would turn over the throne until Alexander IV became older.
That wasn’t good enough for Olympias as she feared Cassander would maintain his grip on power. She invaded Macedonia with her own army from Epirus, which was now ruled by her cousin.
Olympias’ army managed to capture hundreds of people loyal to the regent and had all of Cassander’s followers brutally executed in 317 B.C.
Unfortunately for Olympias, her invasion of Macedonia failed and Cassander lived. He captured the queen and initially promised to spare her, but went back on this promise and had her executed in 316 B.C.
Historians call Olympias meddlesome, arrogant, and headstrong. But without her influence on a you ng Alexander the Great, he may not have become the legendary figure we know today.
Your slave task for Friday October 21st 2022
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Your slave task for Monday September 17th 2022
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♀️ Feminist Friday ♀️
Cartimandua
Cartimandua was of very high birth and was referred to as the queen (regina) of the Brigantes by the Roman author Tacitus (Histories 3.45). It is highly likely that she was a hereditary ruler, and her name is of Celtic origin and a compound, thought to mean “white-filly”. As for her position of queen, or the rulers of the Brigantes as kings and queens, there is some evidence for other native British tribes using the Latin word “rex” which means king, on coins which pre-date Britain becoming a Roman province, so this suggested that power and rule lay in the hands of individuals, but there are also coins which have pairs of names, so there was obviously differences in the setup of power and governance.
Although much less than Boudica, she is an important figure and provides an interesting case study for looking at relations with Rome in the early period of post Roman conquest, and for considering the place of women in the ancient world. Unfortunately nothing is known of her life other than what is told in the Roman literary sources from AD 51-69 (Tacitus Histories, 3.45 and Annals, 12.36 and 12.40) and this - as with Boudica - is always problematic. We must always remember we are viewing these figures through the lens of the Romans, with all the inaccuracies and exaggerations or simple bias that this entails.
The relations between Rome and the Brigantes seems to have been a positive one. As we have seen, the Romans created mutually beneficial relationships with the local elite in provinces as a means of asserting and maintaining control/peaceful relations It is thought that Cartimandua effectively had a “client-queen” type of relationship with the Romans, although it may not have been formalised as such; there was certainly some form of treaty between the two sides which benefitted both. This capitulation of the Brigantes to Rome may have occurred very early on. It is possible that Cartimandua may have been one of the 11 “kings” of Britain who surrendered to Claudius at Camulodunum (Colchester) in 43 CE. This is recorded in an inscription from the triumphal arch of Claudius in Rome, which was dedicated in 51 CE, to commemorate his victory. No names are recorded in the inscription and there is no mention in the literary sources of who the kings were so it cannot be known if Cartimandua was among them.
Your slave task for Friday October 14th 2022
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